Coral loss slowed and even reversed by Marine Protected Areas

22/02/2010 12:17:40 MPAs will protect coral reefs - but it takes time
February 2010. A new worldwide study shows how Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), zones where fishing and other potentially harmful activities are regulated, provide an added bonus - helping coral reef ecosystems ward off and recover from threats to their health. Researchers also found the protective effects of MPAs generally strengthen over time. The findings are the first comprehensive global study to gauge the impact of marine protected areas on the health of corals.

Overfishing, anchor damage & pollution
Such havens have proved successful in protecting fish, leading to optimism among researchers that they may also indirectly help corals by restoring reef-based food webs. Previous studies also suggested that such conservation zones can directly protect reefs from problems such as overfishing, anchor damage and sediment and nutrient runoff pollution from adjacent land.

4456 coral reefs studied
Marine scientists Elizabeth Selig, Ph.D., and John Bruno, Ph.D., from the University of North Carolina, analyzed a global database of 8,534 live coral cover surveys conducted between 1969 and 2006. They compared changes in coral cover in 310 marine protected areas to those in nearby unprotected areas, looking at 4,456 reefs in 83 countries. Coral cover, or the percentage of the ocean floor covered by living coral tissue, is a key measure of the health of coral ecosystems.

Clare Fieseler, Duke University, surveys a coral reef in Belize.

"We found that, on average, coral cover in protected areas remained constant, but declined on unprotected reefs," said Selig, the study's lead author, who completed the work for her doctoral dissertation at UNC. She is now a researcher with Conservation International.

MPAs take time to work
Bruno, associate professor of marine sciences in the UNC College of Arts and Sciences, said the results also suggest the protective benefits of such areas increase with time. Initially, coral cover continued to decrease after protections were put in place. However, several years later, rates of decline slowed and then stopped.

For example, in the Caribbean, coral cover declined for about 14 years after protection began - possibly due to the time it took for fisheries to rebound - but then stopped falling and began to increase. In the Indo-Pacific, cover kept declining for the first five years after protections were established, then began to improve, eventually reaching growth rates of two percent yearly after two decades.

"Given the time it takes to maximize these benefits, it makes sense to establish more marine protected areas. Authorities also need to strengthen efforts to enforce the rules in existing areas," Bruno said.

From 2004 to 2005, the most recent complete year in the database, coral cover within protected areas increased by 0.05 percent in the Caribbean and 0.08 percent in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. In contrast, coral cover on unprotected reefs declined by an average of 0.27 percent in the Caribbean, and 0.41 percent and 0.43 percent in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, respectively.

Conservative estimate
The paper noted that the results may even be a conservative estimate of the benefits because regulations aimed at controlling fishing, poaching and other activities in many MPAs in the tropics are poorly enforced. In addition, most areas have only recently been established (almost 60 percent of the surveys in the analysis were from areas less than 15 years old).

"Although the year-to-year changes in coral cover may seem trivial over the short term, the cumulative effects could be substantial over several decades," Selig said.

However, Selig and Bruno said it remains to be seen whether the observed benefits of MPAs are sufficient to offset coral losses from major disease outbreaks and bleaching events, both of which are predicted to increase due to climate change. That concern is backed by their finding that widespread warming events like the strong El Niño climatic event of 1998 drastically reduced the positive effects of protective zones. "Marine protected areas are clearly a key tool for coral reef conservation, but we will still have to focus on implementing policies that will reduce climate change," they said.

The research was supported by funding from UNC, the Environmental Protection Agency and the National Science Foundation, and published in the Wednesday, Feb. 17, 2010, issue of the journal PLoS One

Photos courtesy John Bruno, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.